[Kong Li] Family education was comprehensive and prosperous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Family learning in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was comprehensive and prosperous
Author: Kong Li (Associate Researcher of the Confucius Institute, Young Expert of Taishan Scholars in Shandong Province)
Source: “Sage Family Tradition”
With the development and changes of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Confucian family tradition also underwent corresponding changes. “What did you say your parents wanted to teach the Xi family just now?” Lan Yuhua asked impatiently. In her previous life, she had seen Sima Zhao’s affection for the Xi family, so she was not surprised. She was more curious about the narrative. The Kong family’s family education could be further explained in two periods: the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, the development of Kong’s family studies was relatively slow, but there was outstanding progress in poetry, genealogy, and chronicles. During the Qing Dynasty, the Kong family was full of talents and their hearts slowed down. Let it go slowly. , the family’s scholarship flourished, not only writing a single work, but also covering a wide range of topics, and made achievements in many aspects such as Confucian classics, literature, textual criticism, etiquette, and philology.
(1) Kong’s Family Studies in the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty The DPRK also regarded Confucianism as the country’s leading ideology. At the beginning of the establishment of the political power, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty expressed his “willingness to teach the Ming Dynasty to all Confucian scholars” (“History of Ming Dynasty Taizu Ji”), and used the “Four Books” annotated by Cheng and Zhu as the standard annotations for the imperial examinations, making Neo-Confucianism dominant. status. During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court organized the compilation of the Complete Collection of Four Books, the Complete Collection of Five Classics, and the Complete Collection of Xingli, etc., and systematically organized the Confucian classics. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming’s Xinxue adapted to the needs of the times and had “disciples all over the country and spread for more than a hundred years.” At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the “empty talk” of the late Wang School became increasingly obvious, which aroused the dissatisfaction of many scholars. Confucianism gradually turned to a pragmatic approach to managing the world.
The rulers of the Ming Dynasty respected Confucianism and Confucius and gave various preferential treatment to the descendants of Confucius. For example, the Confucius Temple was rebuilt many times, forming the basic structure of the current Confucius Temple; the support and management of the “Four Clan Studies” were strengthened, and the education of the descendants of the Confucius was emphasized; the descendants of the Confucius were given special care during the imperial examinations, etc. “Because the Xi family broke up their marriage and Mingjie was stolen in the mountains before, so——” Under the favorable situation, the number of members of the Kong family increased rapidly, and their academic level improved slowly compared with that of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, but not many failed in the imperial examination. , there are not many Kong scholars who have serious influence. Along with JM Escorts the general trend of the development of Confucianism, the Kong family school has taken on new characteristics.
1. Devoted to study and cultivation, good at poetry and prose
Yan ShenggongJamaicans EscortAs the highest representative of the Kong family, it has a special position and influence. Since the Ming Dynasty, Duke Yan has been responsible for paying homage to Confucius, and he has received special treatment from the emperor. This not only requires Yan Shenggong to pay attention to the memorial ceremonyTo enjoy in-depth research, you also need to have profound knowledge and noble character. And since Duke Yansheng had no other major government affairs except paying homage, he had more time and energy to study family studies and other classics. Therefore, Duke Yan Sheng of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to morality and self-cultivation. He was proficient in rituals, music, crafts, poetry, and prose, and could inherit and develop his family knowledge.
The fifty-sixth generation Yanshenggong Kong Xi was able to inherit his father’s ambition and family knowledge. “Que Li Literature Research” records that Kong Xixue was “bright and keen in nature and eager to learn”. After he was granted the title of Holy Duke of Yan, he “established himself. He did not study the classics and history, and his writing was elegant.” It can be seen from this that Kong Xi was quick in learning and eager to learn. He had extensive research on Jingshi Ziji and other family studies, and his writing was elegant. At the beginning of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, summoned Kong Xixue and asked him about his political affairs. The knowledgeable Kong Xixue “explained the control of chaos in past dynasties very well” and expressed in-depth insights into the political control of chaos in history. Taizu was very satisfied with Kong Xixue, and named him Yanshenggong, and praised him: “You are diligent and quick to study, and you are thrifty and virtuous. You lead the world’s Confucians, and you can spread the holy way to the world.” It means. Yes, he is quick to learn and good at virtue, and he is an example of Confucianism in the world. He can apply the holy way of his ancestors to the world. The Ming Dynasty gave Kong Xixue many rewards, and his treatment was even better than that of the Yuan Dynasty. This is related to the worship of Confucianism and respect for Confucius in the early Ming Dynasty, and also related to the fact that Kong Xixue was praised by the emperor for his outstanding Confucian cultivation.
The generations of Yanshenggong after Kong Xixue were also able to stick to their family mottos and devote themselves to the inheritance and research of Confucianism while working full-time to pay homage. For example, the fifty-seventh generation Yanshenggong Kong Na was “devoted to learning, respectful, and not arrogant”, and was good at poetry; the fifty-ninth generation Yanshenggong Kong Yanjin, although he was young and alone, “dedicated himself to reading, and his talents and knowledge increased. “The arms are broad and tolerant”; Kong Chengqing, the 60th generation Yanshenggong, studied family studies, was good at poetry, and wrote “Liting Yin Manuscript”; the 61st generation Yanshenggong Kong Hongtai was good at poetry and rhymes. He once sang poems and harmonies with the writer Li Dongyang and wrote “Dongzhuang Manuscript”; “Etiquette” means being able to remember and practice internal disciplines, govern the tribe, study and cultivate virtue, and drink wine and write poems with brothers in their free time. Kong Wenshi wrote in the epitaph of his brother Kong Wenshao, “This slave is indeed literate, but she just never went to school.” Cai Xiu shook his head. Said: “Cheng’an’s seven private brothers are in line with you. If there is no permanent father, they are enough to occupy Yongmu. When you are old, there will be a gathering of jade and the bed, the chanting will be loud, the conversation will be flowing, and the gold will be scattered. “Come out, Shaoxin spits out the sound…” The epitaph depicts the brothers Kong Wenshao reciting poems, writing poems, and discussing knowledge togetherJamaicans Sugardaddy‘s classmate environment and friendly atmosphere also highlight Kong Wenshao’s character and talent.
Probably due to reasons such as the hereditary title of Duke Yansheng, the Dukes of Yansheng do not need to seek fame and fame, but study, cultivate virtue, learn rituals and music, and inherit family traditions to become Dukes of Yansheng. As for the content of their lives, offering sacrifices, offering sacrifices, and managing tribesmen were their main tasks. Reciting poems and composing poems was their main interest, so they did not achieve much in academics. It can also be seen from this that the Kong family’s love of learning and respect for etiquette have been inherited for thousands of years.The style of being good at poems, and advancing virtues has been continuously passed down in the family, making the family prosperous.
2. Family documents and genealogies
The annals and genealogy in the Kong Family Studies in the Ming Dynasty had new developments , not only the number has increased, but the content has also doubled Jamaicans Sugardaddy. “Qufu Kong Family Tradition” records: “Kong Chengyi has “Kong Family Genealogy”, Kong Hongyong has “Kong Family Genealogy”, Kong Zhencong has “Quelizhi”, Kong Yinzhi has “Quelizhi” and “Shu Shengtu” “, Kong Hongcun has “Abstract of Confucius”, Kong Hongqian has “Collection of Queli Documents”, “Confucius Qianzai” and “Qufu County Chronicles”, Kong Hongyi has “Reconstruction of Qufu County Chronicles” and “Re-editing of the Three Moves”JM Escorts Chronicles”, Kong Zhenyun’s “Huangming Zhaozhiquanshu”, etc. “It can be seen that the scope of the Kong family’s chronicles is. Expanding, the number is increasing, the types are more diverse, and the number of people involved in compiling genealogies is also increasing.
There are many documents about Qufu Queli in the Ming Dynasty, and “Quelizhi” alone has multiple versions. The fifteen volumes of “Quelizhi” written by Chen Hao, revised by Kong Hongqian and published by Kong Chengye are the last of the old “Zhi”. Later, the descendants of the Kong family followed this version of “Quelizhi” many times and rebuilt it in sequels. For example, Kong Chengye revised “Quelizhi” and printed it in the 43rd year of Jiajing (1564). Kong Zhencong wrote the twelve volumes of “Quelizhi”, which was completed in the 37th year of Wanli (1609). These books are the crystallization of the continuous accumulation of perfection by the Kong family, and can also be regarded as the main result of the development of family learning. They are all extant now and are important materials for studying Queli, the Kong family, etc.
The Kong family tree was revised more frequently in the Ming Dynasty. Kong Yanjin, the Duke of Yansheng, erected the “Illustrated Stele of the Genealogy of the Kong Family in the Seventh Year of Yongle”, which listed the inheritance of the Kong family from the 43rd to the 54th generation to identify the Kong family’s genealogy. It is now erected in the Confucius Temple. . The “New Genealogy of the Kong Family” written by Kong Chengyi is only a copy, and there is no printed version, so it is not in the world. In addition, many genealogies such as “The Genealogy of the Kong Family” and “The Genealogy of the Queli Kong Family” have been handed down to the world, but the specific compiler is unknown. It can be seen that the Ming Dynasty paid more attention to Queli documents, chronicles, and genealogies than before. This is a manifestation of the strengthening of family concepts and the need to strictly enforce family lineage and strengthen family governance.
3. Slight development of Confucian classics
Under the development situation of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty, when Confucian classics declined, there were still people in the Kong family who concentrated on He studied Jamaica Sugar Daddy in classical studies and achieved certain results, and some of his works have survived. Kong E and Kong Chengti are representatives of them.
HoleE, whose courtesy name was Zhenbo, was the fifty-seventh generation grandson of Confucius. In the sixth year of Yongle (1408), he was appointed as Zhongyun and taught the princes and kings. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), he was specially awarded Jinshi. “Que Li Literature Research” records: “E’s life was devoted to the study of Neo-Confucianism, and he was especially good at poetry.” Kong E liked to study Neo-Confucianism and wrote three volumes of “Supplementary Notes on the Doctrine of the Mean” and 20 volumes of “Collection of Poems on the Dance of Yu”. Among them, “Supplementary Notes on the Doctrine of the Mean” entered the Secret Palace. Under the influence of Kong E, his son Kong Gongke “learned the classics and taught the science of human nature, was fond of discussion, and liked to talk about war.” He wrote “Three Outages of Wifes” and “Tianjue Jieju”, etc.
Kong Chengti, courtesy name Yongguan, was the 60th generation grandson of Confucius. He once served as the magistrate of Baoding County and the long history of King Jing. His official position was clean and white. He was “erudite in poetry”, read a lot of books, and “believed deeply in Yangming’s theory”. His learning came from Wang Yangming’s theory of mind. He opened a club where he served as an official and taught students about Wang Yangming’s knowledge of knowing oneself. But he did not just talk about the nature of mind, but read the scriptures and had a more profound study of the scriptures. He is rich in writings, including “Japanese Language” (one volume), “The Book of Songs”, “The Book of Books”, “The Book of Changes”, “The Four Books” and “The Doctrine of the Mean” (continued questions from Confucius) (one volume) Jamaica Sugar Daddy “Three Religions Guidance on Confusion”, “Request for Advice on Four Matters”, “Interpretation of Dreams”, “Tianli Theory”, etc. It is a pity that many of them have been lost.
Kong Chengti’s younger brother Kong Chengyi and his son Kong Hongfei also taught the study of confidants and often sang along with Kong Chengti. Kong Chengti’s elder brother’s son Kong Hongjie was famous for his articles, and his son Kong Wen’ne was also dedicated to learning and wrote books behind closed doors. It can be seen that the Kong Chengti family was famous for their articles, and they mostly specialized in the study of mind science. Kong Chengti played an important leadership role in this, and the custom of studying psychology emerged in the family.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were some scholars in the Kong family who conducted research on Confucian classics, such as Kong Shangyan’s “Xueyong Zhengjie” and Kong Xingzhi’s “Lectures on the Four Books” etc., but the overall academic level is not particularly high.
In general, the Confucian family studies in the Ming Dynasty are closely consistent with the development of Confucianism at that time. They have a tendency to study Neo-Confucianism and psychology, and they also have their own unique features. In poetry and family genealogy, Qufu Queli is more prominent in terms of literature. As the “Queli Literature Research” said: “The four subjects of the holy sect are ultimately literature. Wouldn’t it be immortal together with the establishment of words and virtues and meritorious deeds?Jamaicans Escort?” Articles and works occupy an important position in Confucianism and also in the Kong family. They are the basis for the inheritance of family spirit and the main carrier for the inheritance and development of family tradition.
(2) The rise of Kong’s family tradition in the Qing Dynasty
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, it still adopted the policy of respecting Confucius and Confucianism. For example, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty personally went to Qufu to pay homage to Confucius, promoted him to the position of Duke Yansheng, and gave preferential treatment to the descendants of Confucius, etc. Confucianism achieved new development during this period. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, scholars mostly turned to the study of exegesis and textual research. As Pi Xirui, a Qing native, said, “Essays on the classics focus on empirical evidence and do not talk about doctrines. This is a specialized sinology.” There was a revival of classics, and the “study of Qianjia” and so on rise. This has made a major contribution to the collection of ancient books and preservation of documents.
In this era Jamaicans Escort context, the members of the Kong family It is prosperous and talented people come out in large numbers. It can be said that there is no end to the success and achievements in science and technology. The Kong family school once again entered a prosperous period and achieved many achievements, which are mainly reflected in the following points.
1. Extensive research and outstanding results
The Confucian family school emerged as a new force in the Qing Dynasty, with not only many scholars but also many works , and some scholars have higher degrees. Some scholars have made statistics on the works of the Confucian family in Qufu in the Qing Dynasty: Jingbu, 68 kinds, and 81 Fans; Shibu, 54 kinds and 76 Fans; Zibu, 37 kinds and 49 Fans; Jibu, , there are 142 species, 231 species in total; there are 5 species in Plexus, 5 species in total. There are 306 species coexisting in the five groups, 7 species are incomplete, 129 species are not seen, and 442 species are rare. It can be seen that the Kong family scholarship in the Qing Dynasty not only produced rich works, but also covered a wide range of topics, including studies in the classics and history. In addition, there are studies in mathematics, geography, collation, geography, etc. To sum up, Kong’s family studies mainly have outstanding achievements in three aspects: family documents and Queli documents, Confucian classics, and literature.
First, family documents and Queli documents flourished. Due to the special social image and status of the Kong family, paying homage to Confucius in the temple, tracing family history, and promoting the virtues of ancestors have become necessary tasks for the family. Therefore, Kong scholars have kept records of family rituals and music systems, compiled family chronicles, and compiled genealogies. Family traditions such as prefaces and local literature.
The greatest contribution of Kong family literature in the Qing Dynasty was the compilation of systematic family ritual and music documents. The Kong family, which has a long history, has preserved many modern ritual and music documents, which laid the necessary conditions for the compilation of the ritual and music literature system. By the Qing Dynasty, the Kong family’s ritual and music literature system had matured, and many masterpieces had been published. For example, Kong Zhenxuan wrote “The Complete Book of Dacheng Music Rhythms”, Kong Shangren compiled and Kong Shangxin compiled “The Music of the Holy Gate”, Kong Chuanduo wrote “The Music of the Holy Gate”, Kong Jifen wrote “The Family Rituals of the Kong Family”, Kong Xianglin, Kong Lingyi and others have repeatedly reviewed “The Music of the Holy Gate”. “Men Li Yue Zhi” will be continued, compiled and revised. In the continuous inheritance of family etiquette and music Jamaica Sugar, the Kong family gradually formed a systematic and mature system of etiquette and music theory.
Among them, Kong JifenThere are numerous and comprehensive studies on the rituals and music of the Kong family and they have made the greatest contribution. His “Kong Family Rituals” and “Family Rituals Questions and Answers” record relatively complete family etiquette, including the Kong family temple sacrifices, family sacrifices, weddings, funerals, guest ceremonies, uniforms, genealogy editing etiquette, etc., and He put forward many valuable etiquette thoughts. “The Collection of Tuanyi Jiumu” mainly examines the rituals, sacrifices, and origins of sacrificial utensils. “The Complete Music and Dance Score of the Confucian Temple” records in detail the instrumental music, music scores and dance movements used in the Confucian Temple memorial ceremony. These are the crystallization of the Kong family’s inheritance of rituals and music from past dynasties, and are the main reference materials for people to discuss etiquette, etiquette, Kong’s rituals and music and other issues.
The Kong family tree of the Qing Dynasty was revised based on the family tree of the Ming Dynasty. Kong Xingxie, Kong Yuqi, Kong Zhaohuan, Jamaicans Sugardaddy Kong Xianhuang and others have revised the family treeJM Compiled by Escorts, it constitutes more than ten kinds of genealogies, including “Genealogy of Confucius Family”, “Genealogy of Confucius Family”, “A Large Number of Branches of Kong Family” and “The Origin and End of Confucius Family Genealogy”. It is the largest and most extensive genealogy compiled in the past dynasties. Big renewal.
Due to the need to trace the family history and record the history of Qufu, the Kong family compiled many Queli literature works. The earlier ones include “Queli Zuting Ji” and “Dongjia Miscellaneous Notes” written by Confucius in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there are “Kong’s Zuting Guangji”, “Queli Zhi”, “Queli Document Collection”, etc. In the Qing Dynasty, Queli literature became more prosperous, and the important ones include Queli Chronicles compiled by Kong Yinzhi, Queli New Chronicles compiled by Kong Shangren, Queli Compilation Essentials and Xingtan Holy Relics compiled by Kong Yanluo, and Queli Literature Research compiled by Kong Jifen. “wait. Among them, the Queli Literature Research, compiled and expanded by Kong Jifen on the basis of the old records of later generations, has been praised as “carrying forward the past and opening up the future, making outstanding contributions through the ages”, and is the most complete Queli literature at present. The book is large in length, with a total of one hundred volumes, divided into sixteen categories, with clear entries and comprehensive and detailed content. It is an important historical material for later generations to study Confucius, the Kong family, Confucian disciples and Queli local documents.
Second, Confucian classics flourished. With the revival of Confucian classics in the Qing Dynasty, Confucian classics also made outstanding achievements. Not only did the number of Confucian scholars studying Confucian classics increase dramatically, but the scope of their studies was wider and their academic level was higher, and they were integrated into the mainstream academic circle of Confucian studies at that time. The most representative ones are Kong Chuanduo, Kong Guangsen, Kong Guanglin, Kong Jihan, Kong Guangshu and others.
Kong Guangsen, the 70th-generation grandson of Confucius, also known as Zhongzhong, was the grandson of Kong Chuanduo and the second son of Kong Jifen. The essence of thinking, Jamaicans Escort later studied under Zhuang Cunyu and other famous Confucian scholars. backPeople commented on Kong Guangsen: “The classics and historical lessons are read carefully and wonderfully, and he can read six books and nine numbers. He is not thorough.” It can be seen that under the influence of the family tradition of reading and reciting classics, Kong Guangsen has read a lot of classics since he was a child, and he is also a famous teacher. Guidance, a profound understanding of classics and history, and a thorough understanding of the Six Books and Nine Numbers. “Qing Dynasty Biography Series” commented that he “has extensive experience in classics Jamaicans Escort, and Zhuanmen is especially good at “Children” and “Dai Ji”. The best efforts are finally in “The Legend of Spring and Autumn Gongyang”. Kong Guangsen is good at “Children” and “Da Dai Li Ji”, especially the “Children Gongyang Zhuan” has in-depth research and exposition.
In his research on Gongyang Studies, Kong Guangsen “bypassed various schools of thought, adopted both ‘Zuo’ and ‘Gou’, and followed the good ones”, and accepted the “Zuo Zhuan of Ages” The outstanding department of “The Legend of Chunqiu Liang” used the collation method to correct the “Biography of Gongyang”, and used textual research methods to draw on many experts, and finally completed the classic “The Legend of Chunqiu Gongyang”. In the book, he pointed out: “The “Children” is a book. It is based on the way of heaven, the laws of the country, and the laws of the country. If you don’t follow the way of heaven, the laws of the country are not correct; if you don’t follow the ways of heaven, the laws of the country cannot be correct.” It can be seen that, On the basis of collating and interpreting the research on Gongyangology by later generations, Kong Guangsen made some new theoretical analysis, which further promoted the research on Gongyangology. Kong Guangsen also received high praise from later generations. For example, Liang Qichao commented that he was “the first Qing Confucian to write “Gongyang Zhuan”.”
The “Supplementary Notes to the Book of Rites of Day” is based on Kong Guangsen’s annotation of “Book of Rites of Day” written by Lu Bian of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, with reference to Dai Zhen’s collation of “Book of Rites of Day” and other works The text has been revised. He supplemented the missing chapters, corrected the pronunciation, corrected the text, explained the meaning of the words, and attached his own opinionsJM Escorts, which was extremely It greatly promoted the research of “Da Dai Li Ji”. Ruan Yuan, a great scholar of the Qing Dynasty, spoke highly of Kong Guangsen, believing that he had made great contributions to the ancient scriptures of more than two thousand years in the world through hard work and diligence. It can be said that Kong Guangsen started the Qing Dynasty’s practice of writing new chapters for “The Book of Rites of the Great Day”, which served as a link between the past and the future.
Kong Guangsen is also the author of thirteen volumes of “Poetry”, JM Escorts Six volumes of “Rites Xue Xueyan” and “Jingxue Xueyan” six volumesJamaicans He has a rich collection of works such as Sugardaddyvolume and three volumes of “Yi Zheng Tang Parallel Style Wen”. As one of Dai Zhen’s four major disciples, Kong Guangsen was an important figure in the Qianjia School. He was also the person with the highest academic achievements in Confucian studies among the Kong family in the Qing Dynasty, and played a leading role in the family’s Confucian studies.
In addition to Kong Guangsen, Kong scholarsThere are many people who are accomplished in the study of Confucian classics Jamaica Sugar Daddy. For example, Kong Guangsen’s grandfather Kong Chuanduo wrote “The Compilation of Three Chuan Zhuan” and “Book of Rites”; Kong Guangsen’s elder brother Kong Guanglin wrote quite a lot, including “Notes on the Book of Changes”, “Zhou Guan Xie”, “Mao’s Poems”, “Rites and Rites Xia” ” and many other works such as “Etiquette Notes on Crown Ceremonies”; Kong Guang Sen’s uncle Kong Jihan is the author of “A Study of Place Names in the Spring and Autumn Period” and “Questions on the Writings of the Five Classics”; Kong Jihan’s son Kong Guangshu inherited the family knowledge and wrote “A Record of Place Names in the Spring and Autumn Period”; “Ming Kao” and many other works.
Confucius scholars not only have a large number of people and a wide range of research on Confucian classics, but also have research on “Children”, “Li”, “Zhouyi”, “Book of Songs” and other aspects, and New angles and methods are adopted, the research is in-depth and the level is high. The achievements of Confucian scholars in the Qing Dynasty in Confucian classics were a new peak in the Confucian family studies after the Han Dynasty, and they can be said to be outstanding achievements in the entire history of Confucian classics. The long-term prosperity of Confucian classics in the Kong family is by no means an accidental phenomenon, but a conscious inheritance of the thoughts of the ancestor Confucius, which is the result of the long-term accumulation of family learning. In the inheritance of family education, the custom of learning, reading and interpreting classics has naturally formed in the family. Once this custom is formed, it will educate and educate every member of the family for a long time, making them consciously inherit and carry forward their family knowledge.
Third, literature flourished. For thousands of years, the Kong family tradition of studying poetry and etiquette has continued, and there is an endless stream of scholars who are good at literary creation. In the Qing Dynasty, the trend of studying poetry and etiquette became more and more intense. A large number of outstanding literary talents emerged and created a large number of literary works. They were involved in poetry, prose, Ci, Fu and drama. The Kong family entered a prosperous period of literature. “Queli Confucius’ Poems” compiled by Kong Xianyi includes the poems of 120 Kong clan members in the Qing Dynasty, and Zhou Hongcai’s “Confucius’ Hometown Works” contains more than 90 Confucius scholars and more than 330 kinds of works in the Qing Dynasty. The Kong family has formed a huge family poetry writing group, which is the pinnacle of the Kong family’s family education and is also very prominent in the history of Chinese literature.
Among the large number of Kong family households in Qufu, there are especially many who are good at poetry and prose. They not only formed associations with celebrities and sang together, but also gathered with their families to recite poems, compose poems, and discuss transportation, creating a strong cultural atmosphere. This Jamaica Sugar Daddy is the result of the gentle and honest family tradition of poetry and etiquette being passed down from generation to generation. Such as Kong Yuqi, Kong Chuanduo, Kong Jifen, Kong Jihan, Kong Guangqi, Kong Zhaoqian, Kong Zhaojie, Kong Xianyi, Kong Qingrong, Kong Xianglin, etc. Most of them have collections of poems handed down from generation to generation, and their poems have high literary and ideological standards. There are also some scholars among the Kong clan who are good at poetry and drama, among whom Kong Shangren is the leader.
Kong Shangren, courtesy name Pinzhi, Confucius VIThe fourteenth generation grandson is the literary leader of the Kong family. Kong Shangren’s father, Kong Zhenfan, was a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty and had a certain influence on him. Later, Kong Shangren studied in the Four Schools. He was good at poetry and prose, especially drama legends. He is rich in creations and covers a wide range of topics. His plays include “Peach Blossom Fan”, “Little Hu Lei”, “Big Hu Lei”, etc., poetry collections include “Huhai Collection”, “Changliu Collection”, “Shimenshan Collection”, etc., and poetry collections include ” “Chaoyue Ci”, “Age Boudoir Ci”, etc. These works have relatively high Jamaica Sugar literary value. Among them, “The Peach Blossom Fan” is Kong Shangren’s masterpiece and one of the classics of Chinese drama His works are renowned for their innovation and artistry in ancient and modern times. Kong Shangren’s poetry creation is elegant, gentle and simple, which embodies the style characteristics of “gentleness and simplicity” and is the main embodiment of the inheritance of poetry and etiquette. As written in the “Preface to the Collection of Huhai”: “The training in the court of Ganishan emphasizes the study of poetry first, and it is fair to be a true scholar in his family.” Kong Shangren’s achievements in poetry are the inheritance of his family learning. Judging from his drama , he is innovating and developing again, pushing his family education forward.
2. The family inheritance of the Yansheng family
The most significant family inheritance of the Kong family in the Qing Dynasty is the Yansheng family. Public clan. The special composition and status of the Yan Sheng Gong family determines that they must have profound Confucian cultivation, understand Confucian classics, and become representatives of civilized families. Through generations of accumulation of family education, the Yan Sheng Gong family has consciously cultivated many outstanding talents. They read classics at a young age and studied and discussed together, forming an excellent family atmosphere of discussing learning and poetry. For example, the sixty-seventh generation Yansheng Jamaicans Sugardaddy Kong Yuqi, his younger brother Kong Yucai, his wife Ye Canying, and their descendants Kong Chuanduo, Kong Chuan’an, and Kong Chuanzheng , Kong Lizhen and others formed a poetry club, and they often sang with each other and talked about literary poems and poems.
The Yanshenggong family is not only good at poetry and poetry, but also has many writings left in the world. There are also many knowledgeable scholars in the entire family, who are excellent in many aspects. Achievements. For example, Kong Yuqi, Kong Chuanduo, Kong Jifen, Kong Guanglin, Kong Guangsen, Kong Zhaoqian and other ancestors of the five generations not only paid extensive attention to the classics, but also dabbled in mathematics, geography, geography, phonology, etc., and wrote more than 50 works. Another example is Kong Jihan and his sons Kong Guangshi, Kong Guanggen, and Kong Guangquan. They are all good at poetry, fu, classics, etc., and have written rich works.
Kong Yuqi, the sixty-seventh generation grandson of Confucius, was granted the title of Holy Duke Yan in the sixth year of Kangxi (1667). He was once the prince’s young master and received praise from the emperor. He “motivates learning and does not like the reputation of Chinese literature”. He is the editor-in-chief of “Xinglu Shengdian”, and the author of “Compilation of Confucius’ Family Sayings”, two volumes of “Lantang Manuscripts”, “Notes on Farming the Inkstone Field”, etc. His younger brother Kong Yucui was “interested in learning and skilled in writing and diction”. He wrote the “Collected Works of Yanluzhai” and “Picking up the Silk”JM Escortsvolumes, “Yuan Xiu Tang Ji” eight volumes, etc. Both brothers are good at poetry and prose, and they co-authored the book “Revised Confucius”, which is the result of their mutual study.
Kong Chuanduo had six sons, all of them. Certain academic accomplishments and Among them, the fourth son, Kong Jifen, had the highest academic achievement. Kong Jifen was a master of calligraphy and writing, and had a good knowledge of classics and history. He passed the imperial examination at the age of 23 and was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Household Affairs. He later closed up his studies and concentrated on writing, and achieved great results. Continuing his father’s research on family etiquette and music culture, he created “Kong’s Family Rituals”, “Family Rituals Questions and Answers”, “Complete Music and Dance Score of Confucian Temple”, “Pictures of Confucian Temple Ritual Utensils”, “Collection of Corrections of Kuang Yi”, “Shengmen Music Records”, etc. A series of family gifts His works on the music system have made great contributions to the arrangement of the ritual and music culture of the Kong family.
Kong Jifen had seven sons, among whom Kong Guanglin and Kong Guangsen were the most outstanding. good at Confucian classics. As the eldest son, Kong Guanglin was diligent in his studies and wrote prolifically. He was praised by Ruan Yuan as “no one in China who specializes in studying classics”. Kong Guanglin once worked on Zheng Xuan’s collection of lost studies and compiled “Tongde’s Posthumous Notes” and compiled Zheng Xuan’s works. There are as many as eighteen kinds, and he has also contributed to more than ten kinds of classics.
Kong Guangsen was a famous classics scholar, phonologist and writer in the Qing Dynasty. Young children are well-readJamaicans Sugardaddy has a wide range of interests, including research on classics, history, phonology, literature, arithmetic, calligraphy, etc., and has written many books. Under the influence of Kong Guangsen’s teaching, his son Kong Zhaoqian also studied phonology and wrote “Ancient Rhythm” and “Ci Yun”. (Unfortunately, it is not completed.) Unlike his father, Kong Zhaoqian is better at poetry and drama. He is the author of “Jinghong Yinshi Poems” and “Jinghong Yinshi Ci”. Collection of poems and essays such as “Kouban Xiaocao Ci”, and dramas such as “Burial of Flowers” and “Slut’s Autumn Thoughts”
Kong Jihan, a calligrapher, is the grandson of Kong Yuqi. hole The son of Chuan Zheng, his mother was Xiong Shufen, the daughter of Xiong Cilu, a bachelor of Dongge University and Minister of Civil Affairs. He passed the imperial examination at the age of 22 and became a Jinshi at the age of 33. He had a wide range of interests, including collation, textual research, mathematics, and classics.There are studies on , geography, literature, etc. Kong Jihan wrote a lot of works, and his important works include one volume of “Kao Gong Che Du Ji”, one volume of “Explanation of Pythagorean Corn Methods”, one volume of “Tongdu Ji”, eight volumes of “Shui Jing Shi Di”, “Red Palm Bookstore” The four volumes of “Anthology of Poems” and the three volumes of “Cui Bing Ci” have expanded the content of Kong’s family studies.
Another important contribution of Kong Jihan is the collation and printing of a large number of books and classics, including Dai Zhen’s works, various collections of rare books, rare ancient books and documents of the Kong family, Personal writings, etc. His works and collated and printed books are collectively known as the “Microwave Pavilion Series”. This played a great role in the preservation, arrangement and dissemination of documents, allowing many classics to be passed down to the world, and also allowing the Kong family learning to be better inherited and developed. At the same time, the family marriage and friendship between Kong Jihan and Dai Zhen brought many Kong scholars from Qufu into the Qianjia school, adding Qianjia elements to the Kong family schoolJamaicans EscortTextual research and other contents have enriched and developed Kong’s family studies.
Kong Jihan had five sons, who made many achievements in Confucian classics, literature, and collation. The eldest son Kong Guangshu, who passed the imperial examination, was able to inherit the family education and wrote quite a lot, including Confucian classics such as “A Study of Genealogy of the Ages” and literary works such as “Teng Wu Guan Poetry Copy”. The second son Kong Guanggen is the author of “Qiuliaoshanfang Poetry Manuscript” and “Qiuliaoshanfang Poetry Manuscript”. The fifth son, Kong Guangquan, was good at poetry and wrote “Guanhai Collection” and “Ailian Bookhouse Poetry Collection”. Four of Kong Jihan’s grandsons passed the imperial examination, and one of his great-grandsons was a third-ranked scholar. Many of his descendants were also good at poetry and prose.
During the Republic of China, the society was in turmoil and Confucianism was severely hit. However, the Kong family still recited classics and continued to inherit their family knowledge. In the seventy-seventh generation YanJamaicans Sugardaddy, on the house where Saint Duke Kongde studied as a child, there is a hanging hanging “Eastward Family Learning Poetry and Etiquette” The couplet “Inheriting the old legacy, looking west to the ancestral temple and knowing who the church belongs to” inspired him to learn poetry, learn etiquette, and inherit the legacy of his ancestors. In 1935, when Kong Decheng went to Nanjing to take up his post as a sacrificial official, he said: “I have inherited my ancestor’s aspirations, specializing in classics, history, zi, and collections, and I also appreciate the social customs and customs. In the future, I will adhere to the consistent spirit of Confucius and not engage in politics. activities, hoping to contribute to the education causeJamaica Sugar. “In the context of the era of criticism of Confucius and Confucianism, Kong Decheng still adheres to his ancestral precepts and family traditions, and is committed to inheriting the thought and civilization of his ancestor Confucius. After going to Taiwan, Kong Decheng concurrently served as a professor in the Chinese Department and Anthropology Department of National Taiwan University, teaching courses such as “Study on Three Rites” and making contributions to education, Confucian research and dissemination.
From the most representative Yan ShengFrom the perspective of the development of public family studies, the academic expertise and works of family members are not only inherited and connected, but also have personal development and innovation, forming a colorful and fruitful Kong family study. In addition to the Yansheng family, there are also some branches of the Kong family with relatively prosperous family traditions, such as the Kong Shangren family, which cannot be discussed one by one.
There are many reasons for the prosperity of the Kong family school in the Qing Dynasty, including respecting Confucius, preferential treatment of the descendants of the Kong family, and the overall academic developmentJamaicans Sugardaddy and other inherent advantages, and more importantly, the family itself. This is mainly due to the strong academic atmosphere within the family, the academic inheritance between father and son, the communication and mutual learning between brothers, and mutual encouragement. These good traditions have contributed to the academic style of the Kong family. It can be said that the Yanshenggong family at this time developed the family style of poetry and etiquette to the extreme. Not only were the men rich in talents and writings, but the women in the family were also rich in literary talents, forming a talented female literary group.
3. The prosperity of women’s literature
The family environment with a strong cultural atmosphere of Yanshenggong also gave birth to and cultivated A large number of outstanding female poets. Among them, 29 are eligible for examination, leaving 14 collections of poems and more than a thousand works. They were either the daughters of the Kong family or the daughters-in-law who married into the Kong family. They often gathered together to recite poems, compose poems, and discuss transportation, forming a female creative group. The number of members, rich works, high cultural literacy, and long time span of this female group are considered the pinnacle in the Kong family and even in the history of Chinese female literature. Among them, the representative ones are Kong Lizhen, Yan Xiaolai, Kong Luhua, Ye Canying, Ye Junjie, Zhu Yu, etc. Take three people as an example.
Kong Lizhen, courtesy name Yunguang, was the daughter of Kong Yucai, a doctor of the Five Classics. She married Dai Wenchen, a student from Yinzhou City, Licheng, and she was widowed at an early age. She specializes in poetry and painting, and is the author of “Borchial Pavilion Grass” and “Hu Yin Collection”. Many of his poems are sad and cool, expressing the feelings of parting and sadness in his heart. This has a lot to do with her experiences in life. Her relatives have died one after another, and she has lived as a widow for many years. She feels so desolate in her heart that she often expresses resentment. Kong Lizhen’s poems are “pure and refined, with harmonious rhythm” and have high civilized qualities. Her poetry skills come from the family environment where she grew up and the careful teachings of her father and brother. Singing poetry at home cultivated her interest in poetry and writing skills. Her father Kong Yucai’s dedicated teaching and the guidance of her brothers gave her a deep understanding of poetry.
Kong Luhua is the son of Kong Qingrong, the seventy-third generation of Yanshenggong. Sister, married to Ruan Yuan, a famous Confucian scholar. She was “good at poetry and etiquette at a young age, and was also good at painting.” She read “Mao Shi” at a young age, advocated Confucian etiquette and righteousness, and was good at poetry. She wrote “Manuscripts of Old Classics of the Tang and Song Dynasties”. The content of the poem is fair and calm. backPeople commented: “Madame is honest and simple, advocating elegant calligraphy. Modern boudoir poetry should be regarded as the rule.” She paid attention to the people’s livelihood and the education of future generations. For example, he wrote a poem “Fu, Hu, and Yi have three midnight classes, poems to express it” to remind their sons to inherit their ancestors’ studies and be eager to learn and respect virtue. Her educational philosophy and poetry skills had a great influence on her descendants.
Ye Junjie, the wife of Kong Zhaocheng, “is good at writing and especially good at painting”, and is the author of “Baifangge Poetry Copy”. Kong Zhaocheng died young, and Ye Junjie personally taught his descendants, “Even if you are poor, you will never stop learning.” Under her guidance, “the three sons were all awarded virtuous titles, the three daughters were all well-suited to famous families, and they had the style of painting.” The three sons Xian Cong, Xian Huang and Xian Gong were all successful candidates, and the three daughters all married into famous families. Among them, Yun Fen and Yun Hui were good at reciting poems and writing lyrics. Ye Junjie also accepted his nephew-in-law Zhu Yu as his apprentice, taught her poetry and painting, and led and encouraged other women to create literature. Under her leadership, the family’s family education and tutoring have taken a further step forward.
The reason why female literature of the Kong family has become popular is due to various reasons. The excellent social and cultural environment laid the foundation. The Kong family’s excellent family tradition and strong family cultural atmosphere provided the conditions. The need for family education and the support and help of the men in the family provided the motivation. These reasons jointly promoted this family. The wonders of female civilization. The prosperity of family female literature has also brought many positive effects, which not only enriched the Kong family’s family knowledge, but also made the civilized atmosphere in the family stronger, so that the children and grandchildren can be better educated and cultivated, and the family poetry and etiquette have become more Long lasting and strong.
The Kong family tradition of more than two thousand years has been continuously inherited and developed by countless outstanding Kong scholars. In the process of studying the classics and seeking to apply their knowledge to the world, Confucian scholars left behind many classic works. According to Kong Jifen’s statistics, he wrote “forty-four classics, sixty-one histories, thirty-eight works, and eighty-eight anthologies, totaling 231 volumes.” There are forty-seven volumes, and the one hundred and eighty-four volumes have one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four volumes.” These are only the works of Kong scholars before Kong Jifen counted by Kong Jifen. It is estimated that there are also many works after Kong Jifen and some unrecorded works that have been handed down. These works are not only the fruits of the inheritance and development of Kong’s family learning, but also an important part of Confucian civilization.
With the development of history, social changes and the evolution of Confucianism, the Kong family tradition has shown rich and colorful characteristics, but it also contains a relatively stable essence. The development of family education is the link between the spiritual inheritance of the Kong family and presents a stable family tradition. The essence of this family tradition is the gradually formed style of embracing learning and emphasizing teaching, which was founded on Confucian thought. It is a poetic and etiquette family style that parallels moral cultivation and cultural literacy. It is also an academic style dominated by the study and inheritance of Confucianism. Once this family tradition that is deeply rooted in the family is formed, it will always and subtly influence the values, behavioral habits and life direction of the family members, and even the direction of the family. At the same time, the Kong family can adhere to the family tradition of poetry and etiquette from generation to generation, Jamaica Sugar continues to develop the spiritual connotation of Confucianism, and it is also because it consciously inherits the Confucian family learning and uses family learning as the carrier and content.
Editor: Jin Fu